In January of 2010 I saw Harrison “Jack” Schmitt speak at the opening of a new business in our town. It was a research facility that dealt with a lot of interesting science including robotics that could be used for planetary research missions. Jack was on the board of directors so naturally he was called upon for a presentation based on his experience as one of only 12 men to have walked on the surface of the Moon during the Apollo program in the late ’60′s and early ’70′s. Jack was also the only scientist-astronaut to have been to Moon, picked for Apollo 17 for his skills as a geologist.
Hearing Jack talk about his experiences and meeting him afterward was a huge highlight for me. It sparked my interest in space exploration which has led me down a new and interesting path in life.
While I have made it a point to film every astronaut I have met since; unfortunately, I was not prepared with a video camera when I attended Jack’s presentation. However, I did find a video on YouTube of Jack giving the same presentation at another branch of the same research facility and decided to transcribe it out for historical reference.
Note: A slide show with photos was used during Jack’s presentation and he refers to them in the text. Also, note that this presentation is from 2009, prior to the cancellation of the Constellation program and other dated references.
From this point forward is a transcription of Harrison “Jack” Schmitt of Apollo 17:
Ladies and gentleman, what I want to do tonight is take you on a very quick trip to the moon – talk a little bit about history and some of the things that might happen in the future in the context of that trip. Of course we begin as this gentleman down here has reminded me with the launch of the Saturn V, the largest rocket used by human beings to go into space so far and indeed will likely stay that way.
The Saturn V weighed 6.8 million pounds fully fueled, developed 7.5 million pounds of thrust with the initial first stage – the 5 big engines that were in that stage. And as I said, really was a remarkable accomplishment. Those of you that have glanced at my book – I still say that over the long haul it’s probably the concept of a rocket system that would sustain us best in long term access to space. But be that as it may there are other circumstances that have required NASA to move towards a shuttle-derived system – primarily economics… short term economics, because tooling in available for that new rocket where it is not available for the Saturn V any longer.
Now the trip to the moon required, as many of you are aware, some 450,000 Americans to work together. Only 50,000 of those people were government employees. The rest were part of the contractor team that supported that mission. And most of those people were young. Gene Kranz, in his book, “Failure is Not an Option”, which I highly recommend to you, notes that during the Apollo 13 crisis did a rough calculation of the average age of the young men and women who were in the flight control division – basically rescuing Jim Lovell and his crew – and that average age was 26. We have to remember that. We talk about going back into space or doing any large scale activities, you have to have that… really a core of young men and women that provide the imagination, the motivation and the stamina that is necessary to carry off these kinds of projects successfully.
It is a major issue for the country right now in how we stimulate our own citizens to take on those kinds – the kind of education that allows them to participate in these kinds of projects in the future. NASA is approaching a time where they will have 25% of their workforce retire. And that’s not only true of NASA, it’s true of a large component of the aerospace industry. And who’s going to fill in behind that 25% is a major issue that the NASA Advisory Council is dealing with. Ken Ford is sitting on that council with us now. It is something all of us have to worry about. Ok, we’ll move quickly now.
We talked about the Saturn V, we also did a great deal of geological training. This is yours truly on the left, my robot assistant on the right, Gene Cernan. Actually Gene, like all the commanders of the missions from Apollo 13 on became excellent field assistants. In fact, to some degree geologist through a training program that we put together. Part of this training – for the last 3 missions at least – we had about a week per month actually out in the field working projects unknown to us but following through a simulation base set of procedures doing as much as we could exactly as we would do on the moon. Of course we didn’t wear our pressure suits, but we used all the equipment we had available. You can see the backpack and everything that were simulated, but nevertheless… enabled us to not only learn the geological aspects of exploration, but also to get the procedures down so they were pretty much automatic, and we wouldn’t waste a lot of time on them.
Now the reason I show this picture is not to show how I’ve aged, but to give some of you, and particular these young people in the audience are always wondering what all those colored values and entry points are on this space suit… This is the Apollo Exploration space suit. The blue ones represent inputs into the suit and the red ones represent output. Our oxygen, our communication, our water. You know how we stayed cool on the moon? Besides our personalities of course. We had water cooled underwear. And in fact, today I just saw one of those water cooled underwear they are using up here in one of their experiments here at the institute. It really is a wonderful way to stay cool. In fact, more seriously, it is what we would call an enabling technology. We could not have spent 8 hours straight in this suit working without some kind of technology like that other than air cooling or gas cooling – we had to have that water cooled underwear.
Now the way we… I’ll talk more about how we cooled that problem in a few minutes, but this space suit was really an extremely important part of the Apollo program – it’s another spacecraft really. It had everything you needed to work outside the lunar module for about 8 hours. Actually we were pressurized in it for more like nine and a half to ten hours. And it could be recharged. Every night, or every rest period… of course the moon… night and day is a little different than it is down here. But every rest period we would plug in the water – recharge the water, plug in the oxygen and recharge that and put a new battery in and we were ready to go the next day. It worked out extremely well.
To give you a perspective on the size of the Saturn V though, I want to show you this picture – this is the Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center – still used by the space shuttles and some of you have been down to see that. You see how big that rocket is by comparison, and to give you another sense of scale, those of you who can see down in the lower right hand corner is a fire engine… and it’s a big fire engine. That red object down there is a fire engine so these were big times, these were big things. To work in deep space takes big things, because getting off the earth against what we call 1 gravity – the Earth’s gravity – takes a lot of energy. And to harness that engine takes big rockets like this.
This is just another perspective to give you what it was like when our Saturn V ignited. At this point there was no significant acceleration that you feel, but a very, very heavy vibration. The five F1 engines in the first stage were working against each other to some degree. The acoustic shock waves were working against each other and the stack, as we call it, was vibrating at this low frequency, and that’s when I realized that all the simulations that we did in preparation for launch didn’t mean an awful lot. I guess it was good training, but the instrument panel in front of us was going like this and I couldn’t read a thing.
A few people in the audience I guess saw the Apollo 17 launch. I hear it was spectacular.
Now, I show you this picture… this was one of the first pictures I took when we were in orbit. We were only in orbit for about three hours. At 18 (thousand) miles per hour you orbit around the Earth in about 90 minutes. I didn’t have a chance to take a lot of pictures because we were getting ready to re-ignite the third stage S-IVB rocket and head on towards the moon. That however… I want you to look at this, this is not a nice set of ice flows out in the ocean, it’s actually clouds, but over there you get – later on I’ll refer to this – you see that blue band at the horizon? That’s our atmosphere folks. It doesn’t look like very much there, but it’s enough and has been enough throughout geologic time to not only allow life to persist on this planet, but actually to get to the point where we are today.
We did ignite the S-IVB, accelerated from eighteen thousand miles per hour to twenty five thousand miles per hour and we were on our way to the moon. And there you are looking back directly on that third stage, the S-IVB. The lunar module Challenger is still tucked away in the end of the S-IVB. Ron Evans, the third man on our crew, has now taken control of the spacecraft and is moving in to dock with the lunar module so we can extract it and take it to the moon.
You know we can turn out these lights and I think they’d have a little better view of some of these pictures if that can be done? They’ve seen me, they don’t need to know what I look like any longer.
Those are pieces of ice. Now we sat on the launch pad for an extra two hours and forty minutes because of a computer question that had to be answered and fixed that had stopped our launch at thirty seconds before we were supposed to launch. We lay there – I went to sleep for a while, you never know when you are going to need some z’s. But once we were off in orbit most of that ice had come off during our launch. You’ve seen pictures of launches – the Apollo 13 movie is very good. They simulated how those big sheets of ice come off the rocket. I thought it was real until Ron Howard told me it wasn’t. But a little bit of ice had stayed on this third stage S-IVB and came off and you can see that out there. We had a lot of fun talking about it and watching those pieces of ice interact with one another, but they are gradually dispersing. Now this is probably what former senator John Glenn saw over Australia and reported as fireflies. Now John is the former Democratic senator from the state of Ohio and that could explain that observation.
At about 34,000 miles away I had an opportunity to take this picture of the Earth – it is still the most requested photograph in the NASA archives and probably will stay that way for quite a while. It of course shows the entire continent of Africa and if you look carefully you can see a cyclone going ashore on the sub-continent of India there in the upper right. Antarctica is almost totally exposed. This is a Southern hemisphere view because our landing site was in the Northern hemisphere of the moon and that’s just the way the orbital mechanics worked out. So we had one of the best views of it (Earth). We’re going to land quite a ways over near the Eastern edge of the moon so we had a full Earth – nearly full Earth for a while. Not quite – Mediterranean at the top the South Pole at the bottom.
Now, three and a half days later we were going into orbit and in orbit around the moon. And this is the picture I want you to remember. You saw that blue band of atmosphere around the Earth? Nothing around the moon. You are in a deep space vacuum on the surface of the moon. It only has one sixth the Earth’s gravity and that’s just not enough to hold any sensible atmosphere at the moon. For those of you into knowing what vacuum’s are, ten to the minus twelve tour is what you have at the surface of the moon. And that has a big effect on the weathering of the moon, and indeed there is weathering. It is long term, slow weathering as a result of micro-meteorite impact. In that vacuum it makes a very unique environment that we really can’t duplicate down here. We can simulate some of the nature of the lunar surface materials here on Earth – the size, fractions and things like that but we really can’t get a good simulate.
So this picture is actually of the far side of the moon and it’s a lunar sunset. We were in what the astronomers call a retrograde orbit. That is we went into an orbit around the moon in a direction opposite to the very slow rotation – the once a month rotation of the moon itself. That meant that we were going to land as we intended to with the sun at our backs. We wanted to have shadow definition out in front of us of the craters and rocks of any particular landing site. That was the normal procedure.
That’s the Challenger, all fully deployed now. A young person some years ago asked asked me why we put pizza on the landing gear. I had no answer for that.
The Valley of Taurus-Littrow where we were headed on the moon is a deep mountain valley – you see it here as a bay-like indentation off the floor of a huge impact basin. That basin is 740 kilometers in diameter and the valley itself is only about 50 kilometers long – 35 miles long, something like that.
I’ll switch units here… you’ll have to excuse me if I use all kinds of different units. You realize we built our rockets and spacecraft using the English system of measure, we flew them - indifference to the Navy – using the nautical system of measure… you also talk about nautical miles when flying it. But we worked on the moon in the metric system of measure. And after some 35 years you may find me sometimes getting them messed up, and I apologize for that.
The valley itself is only about 7 kilometers, or 4 miles wide, and we landed right at the… middle of the valley right at the narrowest point, just ahead of that plume-like geological deposit you see there in the valley itself. The mountains on either side are over 6,000 feet high. So, this is a valley, even though it doesn’t look that way from this particular view, it’s deeper than the Grand Canyon in Colorado. We landed within a few meters, really, of where we planned to land before we left the Earth. So it’s a tribute to the people who figured out how to navigate in deep space, believe me. And they really figured it out. In all the missions, with the exception of Apollo 11, which is a special case, landed just as precisely. Pinpoint landings, literally, on the moon.
Another view – that last pictures was from about a 100 nautical miles away, this one is from about 15 nautical miles away. And in the illuminated portion of the picture you’ll see the other spacecraft, the America. Ron Evans is now all alone piloting the America. He’s about a mile ahead of us, and below us somewhat, phasing his orbit so he would be out of the way when we begin our powered decent into the landing site.
I only had one good view of the valley before we landed, because my job – which hopefully would be taken over by automated systems when we return to the moon – my job was to make sure Gene Cernan had information, verbal information from the computer that would tell him where the landing site was relative to the instrument he had in his window. And so I was continually giving readouts to him verbally from the computer, and to do that I couldn’t look out the window very well. However, right after we pitched over at 8,000 feet I did have a chance to look out, and believe me at 8,000 feet we were essentially looking out across the top of these mountains and very quickly we were down in the canyon itself.
The lunar surface looks very much like what you see here, relatively undisturbed, except by the effluence from the decent engine. The metallic object in the foreground is one of 16 small restartable rockets – we call attitude control thrusters that were used to control the orientation of the vehicle during flight. Those had only about 50 pounds thrust. And remember what I said about the thrust of the individual engines of the first stage of the Saturn V – 1.5 million pounds, so there’s a tremendous spectrum of technology between those two rocket engines. Amazing what was done for that time.
There’s the Challenger now in it’s home environment of the moon. It weighed about 14 metric tons. It performed flawlessly for us and for essentially all the other missions with some very minor exceptions, small issues that never kept us from landing on the moon. I took this picture as one of three early on in the first excursion from the Challenger in order to document what things looked like before we really stirred it up, as you’ll see later. Now you see my tracks going out – actually left a path. There’s dark material underneath what appears to be light covering around the spacecraft. That’s actually caused by change in the optical characteristic of the surface due to winnowing from the engine effluence that came out, they took the fine material out and left the more highly reflective course material that made it look like it was a light covering. But it gradually disappears as you can see as you move away from it.
Anytime you feel homesick, you could look up and see the Earth – only 240,000 miles away at this particular time.
Gene Cernan took the first test drive of the lunar rover, a creation of the Bendix Corporation, General Motors Corporation and the Marshall Space Flight Center, as the manager of that. It only weighed about 450 Earth pounds – remember to divide everything by 6 to know how much it weighed on the moon. It had independent power on each wheel, front and rear wheel steering, really an effective field vehicle. It would go at full speed over this kind of terrain 6 to 8 miles per hour. That doesn’t seem like much but remember, in one sixth gravity anytime you hit a bump you’re going to be off the surface for a while. And we had it up to about 12 miles an hour once coming downhill, and I think even the great Navy test pilot Captain Cernan thought that was a little bit fast. It does seem like you are really moving at that speed when you’re bouncing over the surface like we were.
Now, a well-dressed geologist astronaut wears what you see here. This is again on the first excursion. I’m not nearly as dirty here as I was going to get – the upper part of my suit, at least, is not yet grey. This suit, by the way, is in the Smithsonian – it’s sort of like in a morgue-like facility in the Smithsonian. It really is sort of an interesting experience to see a suit that you wore on the moon pulled out on a gurney with you name on it. I hope that doesn’t foretell the future too quickly.
I’m taking what we called a rake sample. We’re trying to get a certain size fraction of the lunar debris, a regolith, as it’s called there, that contains – from what we found from other missions – more materials thrown in from other areas than just a normal sample would.
Yours truly, the suit and backpack there weighed about 370 Earth pounds, but on the moon about 61 pounds. So, working on the moon was really quite easy – running, walking, it was really – the suit was, it was stiff, but I could use a cross-country skiing technique to move very quickly over the surface and very comfortably. The only part of this whole work that was physically demanding was the use of the glove and the forearm muscles. The glove was a balloon – in the shape of your hand – but it was a balloon. So, every time you squeezed it you used these forearm muscles. Just think about squeezing a tennis ball continuously for eight or nine hours and that was essentially what we were doing. Getting these muscles in shape was extremely important. We knew it was important, but frankly we did nothing like the training the current shuttle space station EVA astronauts are doing. They are in far better condition today than we were. I thought we were in good condition, but we weren’t even close to what they are having to do when they do EVA’s when working with the space station. Again, inside the suit we were being kept cool because of that water-cooled underwear and it was cooled in turn by the sublimation of ice. I don’t know how many swamp coolers are used in Pensacola anymore – it’s a little humid – we use them all the time in Albuquerque. It’s a great cooling system. But that’s basically that’s what we had – we had a swamp cooler stuffed with ice instead of water. When you expose water to a vacuum, and we had a porous plug to do that, it would freeze, and then sublimate, and that would provide cooling much in the same way the evaporation of water provides cooling material here on Earth.
This large boulder was the largest – we knew it was there. We had seen it on pre-mission photographs taken by the Apollo 15 astronauts as they went over the site. It had rolled down the mountain from about a kilometer and a half away and yours truly is there for scale. If you look very carefully just to the right of the top of the boulder you’ll see a spot – that’s the lunar module, about 3 and a half miles away. And again, that white area around it is from the winnowing of the fine material… Now this boulder when it rolled down the mountain, it left a track in the soft debris regolith of the Moon. And if you look carefully you’ll see my footprints coming down, through that track and up the other side. Those footprints will stay there in recognizable form for a million, maybe two million years. So if you want to leave your footprints in the sands of time for a little while, the Moon’s not a bad place to do it. Certainly much better than Washington, believe me.
This picture was taken after 2 of our 3 excursions and you see that debris around the lunar module has been significantly disturbed by our activities. It’s very firm to start with, very high bearing strength. Many of you have tamped sand and know you can get sand if you tamp it long enough to get pretty firm and pretty high bearing strength, but if you walk around on it, well it loosens up. Well the same thing happens on the Moon. And stabilizing that material is going to be an issue for long term inhabitants of the moon, but I think there’s many ways to do that – use aggregate or maybe even microwave it, because most of it is glass. Over 50% of that material is glass and it will probably center very nicely. It is also the source of one of the only resource that we’ve identified that might be worth bringing back to Earth and that’s the subject of the book that was mentioned earlier, “Return to the Moon”.
It’s a light isotope of Helium-3. It is a near ideal fuel for fusion power production and my colleagues at the University of Wisconsin back in 1985 and ’86 identified this as a potential resource. About 13 years after we knew it was there nobody had recognized it was a power resource for the Earth and we have been working on that since trying to figure out how to implement a program to bring it back and use it as a clean energy source here on Earth. And also the regolith contains Hydrogen and Helium and Nitrogen, all of which along with the Helium have come from the Sun as part of the solar wind. And because the Moon has no atmosphere, as we illustrated by that earlier picture, that solar wind – very high velocity – is embedded in individual fragments of the debris that’s there on the Moon and it’s preserved for us to harvest sometime in the future for future generations.
This doesn’t prove I was on the moon, but people seem to like the picture. Between our excursions – I think this was after our third excursion and I’m looking a lot happier than I really was about leaving. I would have preferred to have stayed at least another day or two. There was a lot of things I didn’t get done and I would have liked to get done, but we certainly did get dirty while we were there, no question about that.
Departure from the moon was actually filmed for the first time by the television camera that was mounted on the lunar rover that some of you may have seen in better definition than this, but it was really quite a spectacular sight on television. Inside the cabin of the lunar module we only had about a half a G acceleration. You could feel it. You sorta did that because you’re standing there in one sixth G but then it was very ordinary – it seemed very ordinary from the simulations we had done.
The one thing that happened to me though, I was – in addition to being the backup pilot with a backup set of controls and things like that I was the systems engineer – I took care of communications and propulsion and environmental control systems and things like that. And right at the instant that we lifted off all we had on the communication link was static. That’s all we could hear. They could hear us it turned out. We couldn’t hear a thing. And of course Cernan as the commander was getting very upset that he couldn’t hear the ground talking to him and I said “I didn’t do anything”. It took about 2 minutes to finally get that figured out, but they figured it out on the ground – for all the preparations that we did, all the simulations that we did – what we call mission sims – somehow we missed that they were going to do a communications handover at exactly the second we were lifting off from the moon. It was just two different groups working and coincidentally it turned out that it was exactly the same second, and that hand over didn’t work very well. So they dropped off one antenna and didn’t bring up the other one and that was what all that static was about.
There’s what’s left of the lunar module looking more like a pumpkin, I guess, other than a spacecraft. Realize we didn’t have to worry about aerodynamics. The Flash Gordon spacecraft were not necessary for the moon. There’s no air to worry about. So you can make it any shape you wanted so long as you knew where the center of gravity was and it wasn’t too heavy to land.
The command module at this point, we just working our way around Ron Evans in the command module and getting ready to dock into a rendezvous. There’s the command and service module “America”. That open bay is filled with remote sensing equipment, cameras, radar and other equipments that were used for a couple of days working on the moon. The cone shaped part there is all that we brought back to Earth. That’s the command module. The rest of it is the service module. The command module is now resting semi-permanently at Space Center Houston. And those of you who are down in Houston sometime soon, you can go up to it, put your hand on it and see the home we had away from home for most of the mission, as a matter of fact, except for the three days on the moon.
And there’s Ron Evans. Unfortunately, he passed away a number of years ago – far to young to have done that. But in the mission itself, Ron seemed to be having a lot of fun. One of the things he did was to do our traditional demonstration for the hydrogen community. They hadn’t quite figured out how to keep hydrogen out of the water that was produced by the fuel cells and we liked to rub that in. And Ron did it here by getting that hydrogen bubble of reconstituted food to coalesce in a nice little circle in a bag of salmon salad. Now we always use salmon salad for experimentation. Salmon doesn’t travel well. It somehow always ended up in our food menu even though we supposedly had control over the food menu. I think it’s because they always came back and they just recycled it and hoped they could find some gullible crew to eat it. If you go to museums and see salmon salad as food that the astronauts ate, don’t believe it. I don’t know, I guess John Young liked the salmon salad but most of use brought it back or used it for an experiment as you see here.
Just before we left the Moon, we had a crescent Earth – from full Earth to crescent. I took this picture from what was called AOS - acquisition of signal – as we were coming around getting ready to leave and we were soon heading back towards home. Reluctantly to some degree, but it’s always good to go home. That’s a view of the Moon that I took as we were leaving. It’s nearly a full moon, but the right third of it is the far side of the Moon, the part that you normally don’t get to see unless you have been doing some things that you probably shouldn’t have. It is the part of the Moon that is particularly exciting now as we talk about returning to the Moon and with the capability of possibly landing back there and possibly deploying a large scale radio telescope on the far side of the Moon.
The reason that is of great interest is that the far side of the Moon is always protected from radio interference from the Earth. And for thirteen days out of every month it’s protected from radio interference from the Sun. And so you have the ability to get a pure low frequency signal from space. And it is particularly a signal that we have never been able to see before that will tell us something about the very, very earliest origins of the universe. It’s something we can’t get any other way, at least not in the vicinity of this planet.
So the return to the Moon has many, many aspects to it, primarily as a long term plan to get to Mars. But also, there is a lot we don’t know yet about the Moon and what its relationship to other planets, like the Earth, is. We’ve learned a great deal, but there’s always a great deal more to learn. And then using the Moon as a platform in space for really advanced astronomy and other activities including looking back at the Earth. Being able to monitor the Earth as a full sphere on a continuous basis is something that we can’t get from the current satellites we deploy for weather and Earth science purposes.
The return through the atmosphere was uneventful in terms of the plan, but it was quite exciting. As a matter of fact, probably the most dynamic part of the whole mission. The Saturn V, as some of you recall reached about 4 G’s at two minutes and forty-five seconds during launch. We peaked at 7 G’s during our early entry activities into the atmosphere. And then held 4 G’s. The 7 G’s was to make sure that we were captured.
It turns out the spacecraft really does fly. It doesn’t look like a wing, but if you put something in the atmosphere at 35,000 miles an hour with a little bit of an offset CG it’s going to act a little bit like a wing. It actually generates lift, a lot of lift. So we had to make sure we had what we call the ‘lift vector’ down to make sure we dug into the atmosphere – captured – and then it would fly itself using that lift vector at about 4 G’s going where it thought the carrier was. Well, it knew where the carrier was supposed to be. In fact the Navy became concerned early on about the accuracy of our landing back on Earth that they moved the carrier about 5 nautical miles away from that spot to make sure we didn’t have a carrier landing – which we would have survived, but it would have been an uncomfortable part of your day.
At about 20,000 feet we put the drogue shoots out to slow us down even more and then at 10,000 feet the main shoots that you see here were deployed. It always seemed like they were taking forever to deploy but they always did. And then we had splashdown for the last of the Apollo series in the Pacific, not too far from Samoa, and the whole sequence was over.
All that remained was the old aircraft carrier Tico – it was eventually decommissioned and sold for scrap. But Captain Green was waiting for us there, right on target. The helicopters picked us up and took us back to that carrier and the Apollo 17 mission was completed.
This picture is a good way to summarize and end it all. The flag of the United States symbolized not only what those 450,000 Americans did during Apollo, but it symbolizes what free men and women can do when they are given a challenge they believe is clearly worth meeting. That’s what John Kennedy did for us. Eisenhower stated it really. He laid the ground work for the technology of the Saturn V – very important initiatives on his part a year or two years before Kennedy made his announcement and really enabled that announcement to be credible. But it was Kennedy we were responding to at the time and a very important point is made with the symbolism of the flag on the Moon.
Behind the astronaut there is the Moon itself and the South Mastiff. It symbolizes the first time in the history of science that humankind has been able to begin the understanding of a second planet in relation to its home planet. That will continue through the future ages but this was the first time that that happened.
The astronaut – yours truly – and if you look carefully you will see Gene Cernan, who took this picture, kneeling to the left of the flag reflected in my visor. That symbolizes the technology base that was created at that time – probably the largest explosion of technology in a short period of time that had ever occured in human history. And then, of course, the Earth above the flag symbolizes our new status that we have in our solar system in that we can look back and see our home planet with no guarantee of return. And that really broke the psychological bonds of humankind – I think the human species to the Earth – and ultimately will make us a creature of the solar system at least, if not of the galaxy.
From this point on Jack goes into a Q and A session. Eventually, this will be transcribed as well.
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